Chuuk State (; also known as Truk)
History
Indigenous settlement
Chuuk was first settled by Austronesians, believed to be from the
Lapita culture of
Island Melanesia.
Archaeological evidence indicates that islands of
Fefan and Wééné Islands had human settlements in the second and first century BCE. Later evidence indicates that widespread human settlements appeared in Chuuk during the 14th century CE, as the
Chuukese people culture was formed.
Spanish colonization
The first sighting recorded by Europeans was made by the Spanish navigator Alvaro de Saavedra
on board the
Florida during August or September 1528. They were later visited by the Spaniard Alonso de Arellano
on 15 January 1565 on board the galleon patache San Lucas.
As part of the Caroline Islands,
German and Japanese rule
The Caroline Islands were sold to the
German Empire in 1899,
after Spain withdrew from the Pacific after the Spanish–American War in which it lost its main colony in Asia, the
Philippines. Germany incorporated the territory into its domain in the German New Guinea.
During World War I, the Imperial Japanese navy was tasked with pursuing and destroying the German East Asian Squadron and protecting the shipping lanes of Allied trade in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the course of this operation, the Japanese Navy seized German possessions in the Mariana Islands, the Carolinas, the Marshall Islands and Palau groups by October 1914. Chuuk then became a possession of the Empire of Japan under the mandate of the League of Nations after the defeat of Germany in World War I.
United States rule
Chuuk was one of six districts of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) which were administered by the United States under charter from the
United Nations from the end of the Second World War to the mid-1980s. The termination of U.S. administration of the Chuuk, Yap, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Mariana Islands districts of the TTPI occurred on 3 November 1986.
Independence
The Federated States of Micronesia, including Chuuk, Yap, Kosrae, and Pohnpei, was established in 1979 and signed a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. (effective 3 November 1986).
As of recent times, Chuuk has been pushing harder for independence. An independence referendum was originally scheduled to coincide with federal elections on 3 March 2015, but was pushed back to 5 March 2019. The independence referendum was further pushed back to March 2022, with a date to be announced, while the constitutional legality of the proposed secession is determined.
Geography
To the west is
Yap State. To the east are
Pohnpei State and
Kosrae State is further east.
The main population center of Chuuk State is the Chuuk Lagoon, a large archipelago with mountainous islands surrounded by a string of islets on a Habili. The two major geographical and dialectic divisions of the Chuuk Lagoon are Faichuuk, the western islands, and Namoneas, the eastern islands.
Chuuk State also includes several more sparsely populated "outer island" groups, including the Satawan to the southeast, the Hall Islands (Pafeng) to the north, Namonuito Atoll to the northwest, and the Pattiw Region to west. The Pattiw Region is of particular interest in that it has some of the most traditional islands in the Pacific and is culturally related to outer islands of Yap. This group includes the islands of Pollap, Tamatam, Poluwat, and Houk. There are still traditional master navigators—Poluwat and Pollap are considered to have some of the best navigators and ocean-going in the Pacific. In the islands of the Pattiw Region, and some of the Islands of Yap, are the last two remaining schools of navigation, Weriyeng and Faaluush. Visiting the Pattiw Region in the west, however, is difficult due to the lack of reliable transportation. Houk probably has the most accessible airstrip in the Pattiw Region, with planes landing every one or two weeks.
The state shares its longitude with Sydney, Australia, namely the eastern portion of the city including the Sydney CBD.
Climate
Typhoon Chataan
On 2 July 2002, heavy rains from
Typhoon Chataan caused more than thirty landslides that killed forty-seven people and injured dozens of others, in the state's deadliest weather disaster. The landslides occurred throughout the day, some within just minutes of each other.
Demographics
Chuuk is the most populous of the FSM's states. At the census held on 1 April 2000, it had 53,595 inhabitants, compared with 34,486 for
Pohnpei, 11,241 for
Yap and 7,686 for
Kosrae; at the census held on 4 April 2010, it had 48,654 inhabitants, compared with 36,196 for
Pohnpei, 11,377 for
Yap and 6,616 for
Kosrae.
[Office of Statistics, Budget and Economic Management, Overseas Development Assistance and Compact Management.]
Religion
The majority of the state's population is affiliated with
Christianity as a result of the activity of missionary groups first from Spain and then from Germany and the United States.
Catholic Church was introduced during the Spanish colonization period, followed by the arrival of various
Protestantism. The main religious building in the state is the Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral
in Tunnuk,
Weno, which is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of the Caroline Islands (
Diocese Carolinensium) suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of Agaña in
Guam. Other churches in the state include
Sacred Heart Church on Lekinioch Island, Christ the King Church in Neiwe, Houk Catholic Church,
Holy Family Church in Weno, St. Ignatius Church
in Fonoton, among others.
Language
The people of the country speak the Chuukese language, a Micronesian language.
Culture
Jesuit mission at Weno
The USA East Province of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) maintains a mission school on the island of Weno in Chuuk. Xavier High School is housed at the former Japanese communications center. It is a
coeducational institution, drawing students from all the island groups of the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as
Palau and the
Marshall Islands. Teachers are both Jesuit and lay and come from Micronesia, the U.S.,
Indonesia,
Japan, and
Australia.
Spirit possession
Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly
Christians society, traditional beliefs in spirit possession by the dead still exist. Allegedly, these spirits overwhelmingly possess women, and spirit possession is usually brought on by family conflicts. The spirits, speaking through the women, typically admonish family members to treat each other better.
[Hezel, Francis X. 1993 Spirit Possession in Chuuk: Socio-Cultural Interpretation. Micronesian Counselor 11]
Cultural references
There are some references on the Chuukese language, treating guests, and on beliefs in the sci-fi book "Reefsong" from
Carol Severance.
Municipalities
Of the 40 municipalities of the state, 16 fall within the
Chuuk Lagoon and 24 in the Outer Islands.
In the table below, each is followed by its population at the 2010 Census:
-
Chuuk Lagoon (36,158)
-
Faichuk (11,305)
-
Eot (266)
-
Fala-Beguets (672)
-
Paata (1,107)
-
Polle (1,498)
-
Romanum (865)
-
Tol (4,579)
-
Udot (1,680)
-
Wonei (638)
-
Nomoneas (14,620)
-
Fono (388)
-
Piis-Penau (376)
-
Weno (13,856)
-
Nomoneas (10,233)
-
Outer Islands (12,496)
Politics and government
The State of Chuuk is one of the four federal states of the Federated States of Micronesia. As a
Democracy federation, each state has the ability to retain large number of power within the state as well as a certain level of sovereignty typical of federal states. The chief executive of Chuuk is the governor. Chuuk has a bicameral legislature.
Education
Chuuk State Department of Education operates public schools.
Public high schools:[" School location ." Chuuk State Department of Education. Retrieved on 28 February 2018.]
-
Chuuk High School – Weno
-
Faichuk High School
-
Moch High School
-
Mortlock High School
-
Northwest High School (formerly known as 'Weipat'- Onoun Island)
-
Southern Namoneas High School (SNHS)
[" Higher Education in the Federated States of Micronesia ." Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia Washington, D.C.. Retrieved on 23 February 2018.]
-
Weno High School
[
]
Private secondary schools:[
]
-
Berea Christian High School – Weno
-
Saramen Chuuk Academy
-
Xavier High School – Weno
-
Mizpah Christian High School
-
Seventh Day Adventist Mission School
[
]
Private primary schools:[
]
-
Pentecostal Light House Academy
-
Saint Cecilia School
-
Seventh Day Adventist Mission School
Tourism
Chuuk State received the largest number of visitors of any of the Federated States of Micronesia. However, tourism is relatively under-developed. In the FSM's Development Plan for Chuuk, published in 2016, factors which disadvantaged the development of tourism in Chuuk included a lack of infrastructure, in particular irregular ferries between islands and a lack of regular electricity supplies on all islands apart from Weno. The report recognized that it is primarily Chuuk's underwater assets that would bring tourism, including its marine diversity and the Second World War shipwrecks around the coast.
The American attacks on the Japanese fleet in 1944 were such that today Chuuk Lagoon is the largest underwater War grave in the world (60 ships and 400 aircraft scattered over several kilometers), which attracts divers from all over the world. The diving conditions are very good (visibility 15–40 meters, variations in depth, minor currents, 700 varieties of fish, generous coral). However, this source of income is jeopardized by preservation issues, from rapidly disintegrating carcasses to dynamite fishing that rapidly destroys whole sections of the Cemetery.
See also
-
Chuuk Women's Council, a non-governmental women's rights organization based in Weno.
-
Habele, a South Carolina-based charity providing private economic educational assistance in Chuuk.
-
Chuukese independence referendum, a vote for Chuuk to become independent from Micronesia, which was due to take place in 2022 and has been delayed three times. It has become embroiled in China-USA relations over its proximity to the US military base at Guam.
External links
